When most college students are trying to keep their computers alive long enough to finish a group project, Nangeng Zhang was busy turning his dorm room into an early bitcoin mine.
What began as a homemade GPU rig eventually became Canaan Inc., the company that shipped the world’s first Bitcoin ASICs and pushed mining from hobbyist tinkering to industrial-scale engineering.
Today, Canaan mines at an operating hashrate of 8.25 EH/s, holds more than 1,600 BTC in its treasury, and continues shipping ASIC chips worldwide. But the story starts long before NASDAQ listings or 300 TH/s machines.
The First Spark
Zhang remembers the exact moment he fell down the rabbit hole. Back in university while studying computer architecture, he discovered Bitcoin’s white paper through a tech news website.
“I was amazed. I think a system that runs purely on computation and consensus without any central authority, for an engineer it’s a very genius design.”
He built a GPU miner in a week. Then he moved to FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays, chips that can be reprogrammed for specific tasks, making them more efficient than GPUs but still flexible enough to test designs).
Then, very quickly, he realized even that wasn’t efficient enough. That spark became the Avalon Project, and on January 31, 2013, Canaan shipped the first commercial ASIC miner to Jeff Garzik, a Bitcoin core developer at the time.
“The day changed the entire industry,” Zhang said. “We grew from a small team to a public company.”
From 110nm to 2nm: Why Mining Was the Preview for AI
When asked about the link between mining and AI hardware, Zhang had been waiting years for people to finally ask this question.
“The past decade of mining was a preview of the next decade of AI computing.”
He pointed out how Bitcoin mining pushed chip design down the process curve long before today’s AI hype cycle, from 110 nanometers (nm) all the way to 2nm in just about 10 years.
That experience gave mining engineers a decade head start on what AI hardware designers are now trying to catch up to.
And the parallels don’t stop there. Bitcoin gave people freedom of value. AI, he argues, will give people freedom of creation, especially for those who don’t know how to code.
Without AI making coding accessible to everyone, he believes it’s hard for people to achieve true internet freedom. But with AI, that becomes possible: a third wave of freedom for the entire community.
Canaan recently launched the Avalon A16XP, a 300 TH/s machine running at 12.8 J/TH. But Zhang wanted one message to be clear. “It isn’t built to achieve some scores in the lab. It’s built to run stable and profitable in real farms over time.”
After 16 generations of miners, Zhang still leads product development. He explained the improvements in simple, practical terms: a full redesign of the cooling structure, better airflow, larger heat sinks without making the machine taller, and a stronger 24-watt control system that reduces power loss.
“It runs steadily, hashes hard and needs almost no downtime. I know miners today are under heavy pressure so efficiency and uptime is everything.” The air-cooled model is shipping. Liquid and immersion versions are next.
The Next Frontier: Home Mining and a More Decentralized Grid
One of the more pleasantly surprising parts of the conversation was learning about Canaan’s lofty goals. Zhang wants 20% of global hashrate to come from homes.
“It’s very ambitious, it’s very hard, but when households can mine quietly and cleanly, Bitcoin’s decentralization becomes truly complete.”
Canaan has already built a home-series miner designed to be quiet, efficient, and able to reuse heat for home heating. Something he calls “bridges from traditional life, fintech, HPC, energy tech, everything combined together.”
On the industrial side, Canaan is embedding miners directly into the energy system. Not beside the grid but inside it.
“These projects are part of the grid, not a burden to it. We work directly with utilities and grid operators focusing on load balancing and renewable integration, always compliance and never competing with residential power.”
That includes work with CleanSpark, Soluna, a 20MW wind power site in Texas, grid-balancing pilots in Japan, and gas-to-computing projects in Canada.
Mining, in Zhang’s words, is now a financial battery.
“Bitcoin mining is a flexible and interruptible load. It can take the power when it’s cheap and release it when it is needed. I think about this as a financial battery. Bitcoin mining farms store value instead of energy.”
The implications go beyond just mining profitability. When energy producers can monetize previously wasted power through mining, they can justify building more capacity. More energy infrastructure means lower costs and more abundant power for everyone.
The numbers back this up. Global transmission losses sit at 5 to 8%, and renewable curtailment (energy generated but not used) often exceeds 10%. Some models project curtailment could hit 20% by 2050.
Meanwhile, Bitcoin mining uses around 0.5% to less than 1% of global power. Zhang’s point is clear: the mining industry consumes less energy than what simply vanishes in transmission lines.
What Excites Zhang Most About the Future
Zhang has answered the “future of mining” question for more than a decade, through multiple halving cycles, and he knows people are still missing how big the opportunity is.
AI is exploding. Energy demand is exploding even faster.
“Sustainability for the industry is very important. Energy demand is growing very fast and the rise of AI data centers is further pushing the grid to their limits. So meeting this demand sustainably is the ultimate energy challenge.”
He sees renewable sites bringing lower and more stable costs while new cooling systems cut maintenance needs. Together, the ROI compounds very fast.
Bitcoin mining, AI compute, and renewable energy are on a collision course, and Canaan wants to shape that future.
If He Could Ask Satoshi One Question?
Zhang laughed and admitted he’s heard this one for years. His answer was simple and sincere. “I want to know the real story behind Bitcoin. I want to know the original motivation.”
No private key jokes. No flashy answers. Just curiosity about the person whose idea kicked off everything he’s spent the last 14 years building.
Final Thoughts
Canaan is no longer just a hardware company, as Nangeng Zhang put it. It now sits inside the global energy stack, pushing the hashrate closer to clean power, driving chip design forward, and quietly working to bring Bitcoin mining back into ordinary homes.
For someone who started in a dorm room with a homemade GPU rig, he hasn’t moved far from his first conviction: “Bitcoin already changed how I understand freedom. Efficiency is freedom, computing is freedom, and I still believe that.”
If you want to dig deeper into Canaan’s work, or help them inch closer to that goal of 20% of Bitcoin’s hashrate coming from homes, you can visit their site at: https://www.canaan.io/
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